土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)直接關(guan)系糧(liang)食安(an)全、飲水(shui)(shui)安(an)全，關(guan)系人民群眾身體(ti)健康，黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務院高(gao)度重視。十八大以(yi)來(lai)，在習近(jin)平新時代中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色社會主(zhu)義(yi)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)，按照中(zhong)央關(guan)于建設生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)、打好污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)攻(gong)堅戰的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體(ti)部(bu)署(shu)，我國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)不斷深化，取得積極進展(zhan)和(he)(he)明(ming)顯成(cheng)效。根據2018年黨和(he)(he)國(guo)家機構改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)安(an)排，在整合(he)原(yuan)(yuan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)部(bu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)職(zhi)責，以(yi)及原(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)資(zi)源部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)監督(du)(du)防止地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)、原(yuan)(yuan)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)監督(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)理(li)職(zhi)責的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)部(bu)設立土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)司，進一步強化土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)工作(zuo)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)司主(zhu)要負(fu)責全國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)等污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)監督(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)；擬訂和(he)(he)組(zu)織實施(shi)相關(guan)政(zheng)策、規(gui)劃、法律(lv)、行政(zheng)法規(gui)、部(bu)門(men)規(gui)章、標準及規(gui)范(fan)；監督(du)(du)防止地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。組(zu)織指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)綜(zong)合(he)整治(zhi)工作(zuo)；監督(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)理(li)工作(zuo)。凈土(tu)(tu)(tu)保(bao)衛戰有哪些工作(zuo)要做(zuo)？一起(qi)來(lai)看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)。
2016年5月(yue)，國(guo)務院發布實施(shi)《土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)行動計(ji)劃(hua)》（簡稱(cheng)“土(tu)(tu)(tu)十(shi)條(tiao)”），這是我(wo)國(guo)“十(shi)三(san)五”乃至更(geng)長一個(ge)時(shi)期全國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作綱領，也是扎實推(tui)進(jin)凈土(tu)(tu)(tu)保衛(wei)戰的重要遵循。三(san)年來，我(wo)們按照“打基礎、建(jian)體(ti)系、守底線、控風(feng)險(xian)”工(gong)(gong)作思(si)路，認(ren)真(zhen)貫徹落(luo)實“土(tu)(tu)(tu)十(shi)條(tiao)”，積極協調發揮有(you)關部門、地方(fang)和(he)社會有(you)關方(fang)面作用，統籌推(tui)進(jin)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)關工(gong)(gong)作。各有(you)關部門相(xiang)繼出臺落(luo)實“土(tu)(tu)(tu)十(shi)條(tiao)”重點(dian)工(gong)(gong)作實施(shi)方(fang)案(an)，細化(hua)政策措施(shi)和(he)任務分工(gong)(gong)；31個(ge)省（區(qu)、市）人民政府根(gen)據“土(tu)(tu)(tu)十(shi)條(tiao)”要求，制定(ding)印發省級土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案(an)；中央(yang)財政設(she)立(li)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)專項資金(jin)，累計(ji)下達280億元，支持土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作。“土(tu)(tu)(tu)十(shi)條(tiao)”實施(shi)三(san)年來，耕(geng)地周邊工(gong)(gong)礦污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)得(de)到(dao)(dao)有(you)力整治(zhi)(zhi)，建(jian)設(she)用地人居(ju)環境風(feng)險(xian)聯合監管機制逐步形成(cheng)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)加(jia)重趨勢得(de)到(dao)(dao)初步遏制，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生態環境質(zhi)量(liang)保持總體(ti)穩(wen)定(ding)，凈土(tu)(tu)(tu)保衛(wei)戰取(qu)得(de)積極成(cheng)效。
一是健全和完(wan)善法(fa)律法(fa)規標準(zhun)體(ti)系。《土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)治法(fa)》發(fa)布實(shi)施(shi)，從(cong)根本上(shang)改變(bian)了土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)治無法(fa)可依的局(ju)面(mian)；生態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)部會同(tong)有關部門(men)印發(fa)《關于貫徹落(luo)實(shi)土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)治法(fa)推(tui)動解(jie)決(jue)突(tu)出(chu)土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問題(ti)的實(shi)施(shi)意(yi)見》。出(chu)臺污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)地塊、農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地、工礦用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)管(guan)理辦法(fa)三個部門(men)規章，正在研究制定建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地、農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)責任(ren)人認定辦法(fa)。制修訂農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)控標準(zhun)、建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)控標準(zhun)等(deng)國家標準(zhun)，以(yi)及土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)影響評(ping)(ping)(ping)價、建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)調查評(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)、污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)地塊風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)控與修復(fu)效(xiao)果評(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)、農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量類別劃分指南等(deng)一系列(lie)技術(shu)規范。《土壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)治法(fa)》配套(tao)法(fa)規標準(zhun)、制度框架體(ti)系基(ji)本建(jian)(jian)立。
二(er)是扎實推(tui)進(jin)全國(guo)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)詳查(cha)等基礎工(gong)作。積極(ji)推(tui)進(jin)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)詳查(cha)，農用地(di)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)詳查(cha)主(zhu)體任務如(ru)期完(wan)成，重(zhong)點行業企業用地(di)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)調查(cha)全面展開。會同農業農村部(bu)、自然資(zi)源部(bu)初步建成國(guo)家土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境監測網(wang)，基本實現所(suo)有土(tu)壤(rang)類型、縣域和主(zhu)要農產品(pin)產地(di)全覆蓋(gai)。11部(bu)委簽(qian)署土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境數(shu)據資(zi)源共享協(xie)議，建成并啟動全國(guo)土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境信(xin)息(xi)平臺(tai)，入庫(ku)數(shu)據約258萬條(tiao)。
三是推動農用地(di)(di)土壤污染(ran)風(feng)險(xian)管控。配(pei)合農業農村部(bu)(bu)開(kai)展耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)土壤環境質量類別劃分試點，印(yin)發《關(guan)于進一步做好(hao)受污染(ran)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)安全利用工作(zuo)的(de)通知》，全國(guo)多數(shu)省（區、市(shi)）編制(zhi)了受污染(ran)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)安全利用方案。農業農村部(bu)(bu)組(zu)織在部(bu)(bu)分省份開(kai)展了受污染(ran)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)安全利用試點和特定農產品種植(zhi)結構調整(zheng)區劃定試點。
四是強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)人居環境(jing)(jing)風(feng)險防范。建(jian)立(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)用地(di)(di)土壤污(wu)染(ran)調(diao)查評(ping)估制(zhi)度，北京等多個(ge)省（區、市(shi)）依法公布建(jian)設(she)用地(di)(di)土壤污(wu)染(ran)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)控(kong)和(he)(he)修復名錄(lu)。生態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)部(bu)、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源部(bu)和(he)(he)住房城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)設(she)部(bu)聯合部(bu)署應用全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)污(wu)染(ran)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)信息系統(tong)，推動污(wu)染(ran)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)信息從國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)到基(ji)層實(shi)現共享，夯實(shi)準(zhun)(zhun)入管(guan)(guan)理(li)的基(ji)礎(chu)。全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)絕大多數省（區、市(shi)）基(ji)本建(jian)立(li)(li)污(wu)染(ran)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)準(zhun)(zhun)入管(guan)(guan)理(li)機制(zhi)，各地(di)(di)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源等部(bu)門從土地(di)(di)供應或規劃許(xu)可(ke)等方面入手，積極探索污(wu)染(ran)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)用地(di)(di)準(zhun)(zhun)入管(guan)(guan)理(li)的具體(ti)辦法。工(gong)業(ye)和(he)(he)信息化(hua)部(bu)會同(tong)生態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)部(bu)，對城(cheng)鎮人口密集區危險化(hua)學品生產企業(ye)搬(ban)遷(qian)改(gai)造工(gong)作開(kai)展督導調(diao)研(yan)，加強(qiang)(qiang)騰退(tui)土地(di)(di)土壤污(wu)染(ran)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)控(kong)。
五是切(qie)實(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)污(wu)染(ran)源頭管控。生態環境部(bu)(bu)(bu)組織(zhi)(zhi)會同農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)等部(bu)(bu)(bu)門部(bu)(bu)(bu)署開展(zhan)(zhan)涉鎘等重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)行(xing)業(ye)企業(ye)排(pai)查整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)三年行(xing)動(dong)，切(qie)斷(duan)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬等污(wu)染(ran)物進(jin)入(ru)農(nong)田的途徑。農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)組織(zhi)(zhi)開展(zhan)(zhan)化(hua)肥和(he)農(nong)藥使用量零增長行(xing)動(dong)。工業(ye)和(he)信(xin)息化(hua)部(bu)(bu)(bu)牽頭發(fa)布(bu)國家鼓勵的有毒有害原料（產品）替代品目錄。全國31個省（區、市）和(he)新疆生產建設兵團發(fa)布(bu)土(tu)壤(rang)環境重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)監(jian)管企業(ye)名單，完善(shan)監(jian)管措施、強(qiang)化(hua)監(jian)督管理(li)，并有序推進(jin)在排(pai)污(wu)許(xu)可(ke)證核發(fa)中納入(ru)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)相關責任和(he)義務(wu)。
六是深(shen)入開(kai)展(zhan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染綜(zong)合防治(zhi)試點示范。生態(tai)環境部、財政部會同(tong)有關(guan)部門積極推進土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染綜(zong)合防治(zhi)先(xian)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)建(jian)設，浙江臺州、湖(hu)北黃石(shi)、湖(hu)南常德、廣東韶關(guan)、廣西河池、貴州銅仁6個先(xian)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染源(yuan)(yuan)頭預防、風險管(guan)控、治(zhi)理修復(fu)、監管(guan)能力建(jian)設等(deng)方面先(xian)行(xing)(xing)先(xian)試，為完善土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境管(guan)理探(tan)索經(jing)驗(yan)；指導河北雄(xiong)安(an)新(xin)區(qu)(qu)開(kai)展(zhan)先(xian)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)建(jian)設，探(tan)索建(jian)立具有雄(xiong)安(an)特色的“健康土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)”先(xian)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)，促進土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)資源(yuan)(yuan)永(yong)續利用。指導各地實施(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染治(zhi)理與修復(fu)試點項目，初步形成一批易推廣、成本低(di)、效(xiao)果好的技術模式。 資料來源(yuan)(yuan)：生態(tai)環境部土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生態(tai)環境司